Ibadan Journal of the Social Sciences
Volume 24, No. 1, 2026
DOI: 10.36108/ijss/6202.42.0140
Demographic Determinants of Perceived Security in the City Centre: A Case Study of the Federal Capital Territory Abuja, Nigeria
Sunday Adelani
Department of Security and Strategic Studies Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of demographic characteristics on perceived security in thecity Centre of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Adopting a quantitative survey research design, the study focused on adult residents living within the city Centre. Given the impracticality of surveying the entire population and the absence of precise demographic data for the study area, Cochran’s formula for an infinite population was utilised to derive a sample size of 384 respondents. A stratified sampling technique was employed to ensure representation across demographic groups. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed with Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) via SmartPLS 3.0 software. The analysis revealed that age, gender, educational level, and employment status each have a positive and statistically significant effect on residents’ perceptions of security in Abuja’s city Centre at the 5% significance level. Employment status has the strongest influence on perceived security (β = 0.333), making it the most important factor. Educational level follows with a moderate effect (β = 0.235), while age has a smaller but meaningful impact (β = 0.166). Gender shows the weakest effect (β = 0.111), though it is still significant. Overall, employment status is the most influential factor, followed by education, age, and gender. Based on these findings, the study concludes that demographic factors play a crucial role in shaping how urban residents perceive their personal security in the city Centre. The study thus recommended among others that FCT Abuja should focus on job creation and educational empowerment in Abuja’s city centre, since employment has the strongest influence on security perception. This can be achieved by supporting small businesses, promoting vocational training and youth skill programmes, and improving access to quality education. With proper funding, clear policies, and effective monitoring, these efforts can strengthen residents’ sense of safety and stability.
Keywords: Educational level, employment status, demographic factors, gender, perceived security